brazilfw
!!重要!! 請使用2.31.10版以後
mt是掛上實體硬碟 (mount)
umnt 移除實體硬碟(用不用都可以)
web control http://192.168.11.254:8180/
外部ssl web control https://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8181/
UTF-8
重要:brige、QOS
1、更新網卡動作(因為剛灌完的網卡會比較舊,所以要更新)
mt
cd /mnt
wget http://brazilfw.com.br/users/Bender/addons/addnic/addnic.tgz
cd /
umt
reboot
etc/addnic/addnic.sh PS:實際做更新
2、抓(為了讓外網也能連到web control)
mt
cd /mnt
wget http://brazilfw.com.br/downloads/addons/sslwrap.tgz
cd /
umt
reboot
3、
澎湖人網路 外掛說明
衝突項目:
squid VS MRTG
squid VS FTP ?!
4、如果開機有問題,通常進etc改設定檔
5、IMSPECTOR
http://www.brazilfw.com.br/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=68354&p=167850&hilit=imspector+wget#p167850
mt是掛上實體硬碟 (mount)
umnt 移除實體硬碟(用不用都可以)
web control http://192.168.11.254:8180/
外部ssl web control https://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:8181/
UTF-8
重要:brige、QOS
1、更新網卡動作(因為剛灌完的網卡會比較舊,所以要更新)
mt
cd /mnt
wget http://brazilfw.com.br/users/Bender/addons/addnic/addnic.tgz
cd /
umt
reboot
etc/addnic/addnic.sh PS:實際做更新
2、抓(為了讓外網也能連到web control)
mt
cd /mnt
wget http://brazilfw.com.br/downloads/addons/sslwrap.tgz
cd /
umt
reboot
3、
澎湖人網路 外掛說明
衝突項目:
squid VS MRTG
squid VS FTP ?!
4、如果開機有問題,通常進etc改設定檔
5、IMSPECTOR
http://www.brazilfw.com.br/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=68354&p=167850&hilit=imspector+wget#p167850
上Mysql HA課程 Day1 12/10 DIY
可參考
http://www.osslab.org.tw/User:Alang/%E8%8D%89%E7%A8%BF%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/MySQL_Cluster
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
MySQL Cluster
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/select.php?id=14
MySQL Cluster Support
http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/cluster.html
1、C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32
2、sample\my1.ini my2.ini -> C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32
3、create config.ini -> C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32
3-1、create mgmd-log -> c:\mysql
4、edit config.ini PS:大小寫沒差
Management node
[NDBD DEFAULT]
NoOfReplicas 幾台dataNode # Number of replicas
DataMemory # How much memory to allocate for data storage
IndexMemory # How much memory to allocate for index storage
[NDB_MGMD]
ID PS:只有一台時,不用打ID
DataDir 放剛建立mgmd-log目錄 # Directory for MGM node logfiles
HostName 看IP,如果在同一台就locahost PS:必需
[NDBD] 有幾個就建幾個
ID
HostName 看IP,如果在同一台就locahost PS:必需
ServerPort PS:有需要再加
DataDir PS:看你把資料放那
[MYSQLD] 要幾個就建幾個
5、start ndb_mgmd --initial -f ..\config.ini PS:先啟動 Managemnet consol
6、start ndbd --initial PS:data node #1 及 #2,分別執行兩次
訊息:Using 1 fragments
findNeighbours
不支援virtual機器,因為太多thread
??第一次執行時才需要加上 --initial,爾後啟動時,就不能在加此參數,除非是要重新作初始化
7、ndb_mgm PS:在 Management node 可以檢查 Cluster 狀態
ndb_mgm>show
PS:由於 config.ini 設定 NoOfReplicas=2,所以要啟動兩個 data-node 才會顯示狀態為 started。
ndb_mgm -e show PS:快速指令
ndb_mgm -c localhost PS:指定IP
ndb_mgm>help PS:看一些指令
8、先把data目錄copy成data1和data2
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my1.ini
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my2.ini
my1.ini
ndb-nodeid=21 PS:config.ini裡面的 [mysqld]設的
ndbcluster PS:使用cluster enginner
server-id=1 PS:和ndb-nodeid不同
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\data1\PC14.err
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\data2\PC14.err
C:\mysql\mgmd-log\ndb_1_cluster.txt
metadata
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\bin\ndb_11_fs
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\bin\ndb_12_fs
較重要 LCP目錄 Local check point 記憶體中的資料寫成檔案
9、[shutdown]
ndb_mgm
ndb_mgm>shutdown
單一指令:ndb_mgm -e shutdown
mysqladmin -u root shutdown
mysqladmin -u root -P 3307 shutdown
10、Boot Management node
start ndb_mgmd -f ..\config.ini
Data nodes
start ndbd
SQL nodes
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my1.ini
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my2.ini
當ndbd啟動會load data=>starting
11、login mysql my1 my2
my1>create database ndbtest;
my1>show database;
看my2是否有增
my2>create table ntest (id INT, name CHAR(8)) ENGINE = ndbcluster;
my1>show engines;
my1>create table mtest (id INT) ENGINE = MYISAM;
my1>show TABLES; PS:存在table mtest
my2>show TABLES; PS:不存在table mtest
my2>insert into ntest values (1,'aaa'), (2, 'bbb'), (3, 'ccc');
my1>select * from ntest;
my1>insert into ntest values (4,'ddd'), (5, 'eee');
my2>select * from ntest;
這裡看order會不一樣,因為取擇於cluster,所以都會不同,所以要注意
要用ID來排序之類,才能確定LIMIT會正確。
my2> select * from ntest LIMIT 2;
my1> select * from ntest LIMIT 2;
開工作管理員,強列關掉 ndbd.exe 1個
會產生 execTAKE_OVERTCCONF
還是可以查資料和insert
my2>insert into ntest values (4,'ddd'), (5, 'eee');
my1>select * from ntest;
start ndbd
ndbd_mgm -e show
會看到starting狀態
開工作管理員,強列關掉 舊的ndbd.exe 1個
再select看data,還是在
mysqlbinlog ..\data1\PC14-bin.000001
show VARIABLES LIKE '%bin%';
找主key會找相關datanode,找非主鍵會找每一個datanode
所以cluster的系統要重新設計
另沒有外鍵(foringkey)
Four Data Nodes
Two Node Groups
Two Replicas
匯入word.sql
改table enginer=ndbcluster
alert table xxxx enginer=ndbcluster;
??下sql查,用非主鍵join,非常慢!慢到34.23s
總之join和主鍵要非常注意
http://www.osslab.org.tw/User:Alang/%E8%8D%89%E7%A8%BF%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/MySQL_Cluster
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
MySQL Cluster
http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/select.php?id=14
MySQL Cluster Support
http://www.mysql.com/support/supportedplatforms/cluster.html
1、C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32
2、sample\my1.ini my2.ini -> C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32
3、create config.ini -> C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32
3-1、create mgmd-log -> c:\mysql
4、edit config.ini PS:大小寫沒差
Management node
[NDBD DEFAULT]
NoOfReplicas 幾台dataNode # Number of replicas
DataMemory # How much memory to allocate for data storage
IndexMemory # How much memory to allocate for index storage
[NDB_MGMD]
ID PS:只有一台時,不用打ID
DataDir 放剛建立mgmd-log目錄 # Directory for MGM node logfiles
HostName 看IP,如果在同一台就locahost PS:必需
[NDBD] 有幾個就建幾個
ID
HostName 看IP,如果在同一台就locahost PS:必需
ServerPort PS:有需要再加
DataDir PS:看你把資料放那
[MYSQLD] 要幾個就建幾個
5、start ndb_mgmd --initial -f ..\config.ini PS:先啟動 Managemnet consol
6、start ndbd --initial PS:data node #1 及 #2,分別執行兩次
訊息:Using 1 fragments
findNeighbours
不支援virtual機器,因為太多thread
??第一次執行時才需要加上 --initial,爾後啟動時,就不能在加此參數,除非是要重新作初始化
7、ndb_mgm PS:在 Management node 可以檢查 Cluster 狀態
ndb_mgm>show
PS:由於 config.ini 設定 NoOfReplicas=2,所以要啟動兩個 data-node 才會顯示狀態為 started。
ndb_mgm -e show PS:快速指令
ndb_mgm -c localhost PS:指定IP
ndb_mgm>help PS:看一些指令
8、先把data目錄copy成data1和data2
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my1.ini
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my2.ini
my1.ini
ndb-nodeid=21 PS:config.ini裡面的 [mysqld]設的
ndbcluster PS:使用cluster enginner
server-id=1 PS:和ndb-nodeid不同
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\data1\PC14.err
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\data2\PC14.err
C:\mysql\mgmd-log\ndb_1_cluster.txt
metadata
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\bin\ndb_11_fs
C:\mysql\mysql-cluster-gpl-7.0.9-win32\bin\ndb_12_fs
較重要 LCP目錄 Local check point 記憶體中的資料寫成檔案
9、[shutdown]
ndb_mgm
ndb_mgm>shutdown
單一指令:ndb_mgm -e shutdown
mysqladmin -u root shutdown
mysqladmin -u root -P 3307 shutdown
10、Boot Management node
start ndb_mgmd -f ..\config.ini
Data nodes
start ndbd
SQL nodes
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my1.ini
start mysqld --defaults-file=..\my2.ini
當ndbd啟動會load data=>starting
11、login mysql my1 my2
my1>create database ndbtest;
my1>show database;
看my2是否有增
my2>create table ntest (id INT, name CHAR(8)) ENGINE = ndbcluster;
my1>show engines;
my1>create table mtest (id INT) ENGINE = MYISAM;
my1>show TABLES; PS:存在table mtest
my2>show TABLES; PS:不存在table mtest
my2>insert into ntest values (1,'aaa'), (2, 'bbb'), (3, 'ccc');
my1>select * from ntest;
my1>insert into ntest values (4,'ddd'), (5, 'eee');
my2>select * from ntest;
這裡看order會不一樣,因為取擇於cluster,所以都會不同,所以要注意
要用ID來排序之類,才能確定LIMIT會正確。
my2> select * from ntest LIMIT 2;
my1> select * from ntest LIMIT 2;
開工作管理員,強列關掉 ndbd.exe 1個
會產生 execTAKE_OVERTCCONF
還是可以查資料和insert
my2>insert into ntest values (4,'ddd'), (5, 'eee');
my1>select * from ntest;
start ndbd
ndbd_mgm -e show
會看到starting狀態
開工作管理員,強列關掉 舊的ndbd.exe 1個
再select看data,還是在
mysqlbinlog ..\data1\PC14-bin.000001
show VARIABLES LIKE '%bin%';
找主key會找相關datanode,找非主鍵會找每一個datanode
所以cluster的系統要重新設計
另沒有外鍵(foringkey)
Four Data Nodes
Two Node Groups
Two Replicas
匯入word.sql
改table enginer=ndbcluster
alert table xxxx enginer=ndbcluster;
??下sql查,用非主鍵join,非常慢!慢到34.23s
總之join和主鍵要非常注意
上Mysql HA課程 Day1 12/9 DIY
[Master]
Boot MySQL Server
1.server-id
2.datadir *
3.log-bin
[Slave]
Boot MySQL Server
1.server-id
2.datadir *
3.Port *
4.socket * (if in Unix like OS)
[Master]
Create user for replication slave, with password
Grant "REPLICATION SLAVE" privilege to this user
[Slave via client]
Issue 'CHANGE MASTER TO' with option:
1.MASTER HOST
2.MASTER USER
3.MASTER PASSWORD
Issue 'Start SLAVE'
============
command
[Master] PS:start可有可無
mysqld --server-id=1 --datadir=..\data1 --log-bin
start mysqld --server-id=1 --datadir=..\data1 --log-bin
[Slave]
start mysqld --server-id=2 --datadir=..\data2 --port=3307 --log-bin
[Master]
mysql -u root
[mysql root cmd]:CREATE USER 'scott'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'tiger';
mysql -u scott -p -->for login test,是否被建立? passwd:tiger
[mysql root cmd]:GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'scott'@'localhost';
[mysql root cmd]:CREATE USER 'scott'@'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx'; PS:允許從其他機器登陸
[mysql root cmd]:use mysql
[mysql root cmd]:SELECT User, Host, Password FROM user;
[Slave]
mysql -u root -P 3307
[mysql root cmd]:CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='localhost', MASTER_USER='scott', MASTER_PASSWORD='tiger';
[mysql root cmd]:start slave;
[mysql root cmd]:SHOW PROCESSLIST\G;
[mysql root cmd m]:use test;
[mysql root cmd m]:show tables;
[mysql root cmd m]:create table foo (id INT, name CHAR(8));
[mysql root cmd m]:INSERT INTO foo VALUES(1,'aaa'), (2,'bbb'), (3,'ccc');
[mysql root cmd]:SHOW slave status\G;
[mysql root cmd]:SHOW master status\G;
mysqlbinlog.exe ..\datax\xxxxxxx.index PS:??
mysqlbinlog.exe ..\datax\xxxxxxx.0000xx
mysqlbinlog.exe ..\datax\xxxxxxx.info PS:??
mysql -u root -P 3307 -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysql -u root -P 3307 -B -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysql -u root -P 3307 -H -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysql -u root -P 3307 -X -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysqladmin -u root -P shutdown
mysqladmin -u root -P 3307 shutdown
[mysql root cmd m]:create table bar(id int, name char(8))
ENGINE = BLACKHCLE;
[mysql root cmd m]:insert into bar values(1, 'aaa');
[mysql root cmd s]:Alter table bar engine=MyISAM; PS:要小心
[mysql root cmd m]:create table bar2(id int, name char(8))
ENGINE = BLACKHOLE;
[mysql root cmd m]:insert into bar values(2, 'bbb');
[mysql root cmd m]:select * from bar; PS:有問題, engines被改變
[mysql root cmd m]:show engines \G;
Boot MySQL Server
1.server-id
2.datadir *
3.log-bin
[Slave]
Boot MySQL Server
1.server-id
2.datadir *
3.Port *
4.socket * (if in Unix like OS)
[Master]
Create user for replication slave, with password
Grant "REPLICATION SLAVE" privilege to this user
[Slave via client]
Issue 'CHANGE MASTER TO' with option:
1.MASTER HOST
2.MASTER USER
3.MASTER PASSWORD
Issue 'Start SLAVE'
============
command
[Master] PS:start可有可無
mysqld --server-id=1 --datadir=..\data1 --log-bin
start mysqld --server-id=1 --datadir=..\data1 --log-bin
[Slave]
start mysqld --server-id=2 --datadir=..\data2 --port=3307 --log-bin
[Master]
mysql -u root
[mysql root cmd]:CREATE USER 'scott'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'tiger';
mysql -u scott -p -->for login test,是否被建立? passwd:tiger
[mysql root cmd]:GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'scott'@'localhost';
[mysql root cmd]:CREATE USER 'scott'@'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx'; PS:允許從其他機器登陸
[mysql root cmd]:use mysql
[mysql root cmd]:SELECT User, Host, Password FROM user;
[Slave]
mysql -u root -P 3307
[mysql root cmd]:CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='localhost', MASTER_USER='scott', MASTER_PASSWORD='tiger';
[mysql root cmd]:start slave;
[mysql root cmd]:SHOW PROCESSLIST\G;
[mysql root cmd m]:use test;
[mysql root cmd m]:show tables;
[mysql root cmd m]:create table foo (id INT, name CHAR(8));
[mysql root cmd m]:INSERT INTO foo VALUES(1,'aaa'), (2,'bbb'), (3,'ccc');
[mysql root cmd]:SHOW slave status\G;
[mysql root cmd]:SHOW master status\G;
mysqlbinlog.exe ..\datax\xxxxxxx.index PS:??
mysqlbinlog.exe ..\datax\xxxxxxx.0000xx
mysqlbinlog.exe ..\datax\xxxxxxx.info PS:??
mysql -u root -P 3307 -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysql -u root -P 3307 -B -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysql -u root -P 3307 -H -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysql -u root -P 3307 -X -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS"
mysqladmin -u root -P shutdown
mysqladmin -u root -P 3307 shutdown
[mysql root cmd m]:create table bar(id int, name char(8))
ENGINE = BLACKHCLE;
[mysql root cmd m]:insert into bar values(1, 'aaa');
[mysql root cmd s]:Alter table bar engine=MyISAM; PS:要小心
[mysql root cmd m]:create table bar2(id int, name char(8))
ENGINE = BLACKHOLE;
[mysql root cmd m]:insert into bar values(2, 'bbb');
[mysql root cmd m]:select * from bar; PS:有問題, engines被改變
[mysql root cmd m]:show engines \G;
上Mysql HA課程 Day1 12/9
介紹HA、cluster
用HA之前要先做評估
replcation
介紹master、slave
master->slave正常方式
master<->master 會有問題(警告)
多master->slave 不可行
當master有異動,會把bindlogs傳到slave,slave的IO 會寫到replay bindlog,之後另一個sql turning會去讀replay bindlog,把異動部份寫到data
IO和sql turning不會直接溝通,所以當master有大量資料時,IO會waiting sql turning讀bindlogs,,造成slave的資料延遲和master同步
下午 實作
combined to form Node Groups
Re-Configuration
Scale Out
NDB API
replcation過程中,不會傳資料,只會傳bindlogs
DRBD
LINBIT
MySQL Cluster ComponentsLINBIT
- Data Nodes
combined to form Node Groups
- Management Nodes
Re-Configuration
- MySQL Nodes
Scale Out
NDB API
被詐騙
沒被騙到錢(太窮了~哈),被騙到資料
後來上網一查,發現是+0225855899這個系列的,基本上接到電話時,就有在注意是否有+,但手機上沒有顯示,就以為真的,加上又打查號台查証,所以認為是真的了,就ooxx說一堆,不過可能是我的資料太亂了,他相當不耐煩。
基本上網路討論的一堆破綻都有修補起來,口音不在是大陸口音,這倒是很嚴重的問題,讓我以為是台灣人,當然如果有早一點在網路上,看過這個案例的話,我就知道是詐騙,看來政府需要成立防詐騙網頁,專門記錄,除了電話外,也可以上網查詢。
當然事後打電話給165,基本上對方也不能肯定有問題,只有70%的可能性,所以現在如果對方再打來,就可以好玩了!
最主要是我的電話每一通都有語音記錄,當我打算把語音記錄拿出來保存,發現開頭+時,基本上我就知道這是詐騙了,看來手機顯示電話號碼是相當重要的。
後來上網一查,發現是+0225855899這個系列的,基本上接到電話時,就有在注意是否有+,但手機上沒有顯示,就以為真的,加上又打查號台查証,所以認為是真的了,就ooxx說一堆,不過可能是我的資料太亂了,他相當不耐煩。
基本上網路討論的一堆破綻都有修補起來,口音不在是大陸口音,這倒是很嚴重的問題,讓我以為是台灣人,當然如果有早一點在網路上,看過這個案例的話,我就知道是詐騙,看來政府需要成立防詐騙網頁,專門記錄,除了電話外,也可以上網查詢。
當然事後打電話給165,基本上對方也不能肯定有問題,只有70%的可能性,所以現在如果對方再打來,就可以好玩了!
最主要是我的電話每一通都有語音記錄,當我打算把語音記錄拿出來保存,發現開頭+時,基本上我就知道這是詐騙了,看來手機顯示電話號碼是相當重要的。
把excel 欄中的url 複制到指定位置
Dim iRow As Integer
iRow = 1
For Each h1 In Worksheets("sheet1").[B1:B10].Hyperlinks
'MsgBox "在儲存格: " & h1.Range.Address & " 裡有超連結到: " & h1.Address
'Worksheets("sheet1").Cells(iRow, 5).Value = h1.Range.Address '儲存格範圍
Worksheets("sheet1").Cells(iRow, 6).Value = h1.Address '連結位址
iRow = iRow + 1
Next
iRow = 1
For Each h1 In Worksheets("sheet1").[B1:B10].Hyperlinks
'MsgBox "在儲存格: " & h1.Range.Address & " 裡有超連結到: " & h1.Address
'Worksheets("sheet1").Cells(iRow, 5).Value = h1.Range.Address '儲存格範圍
Worksheets("sheet1").Cells(iRow, 6).Value = h1.Address '連結位址
iRow = iRow + 1
Next
查很久才查到單引號
- '&' (ampersand) becomes '&'
- '"' (double quote) becomes '"' when ENT_NOQUOTES is not set.
- ''' (single quote) becomes ''' only when ENT_QUOTES is set.
- '<' (less than) becomes '<'
- '>' (greater than) becomes '>'
http://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_entities.asp
Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
---|---|---|---|
" | " | " | quotation mark |
' | ' | ' (does not work in IE) | apostrophe |
& | & | & | ampersand |
< | < | < | less-than |
> | > | > | greater-than |
ISO 8859-1 Symbols
Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
---|---|---|---|
non-breaking space | |||
¡ | ¡ | ¡ | inverted exclamation mark |
¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cent |
£ | £ | £ | pound |
¤ | ¤ | ¤ | currency |
¥ | ¥ | ¥ | yen |
¦ | ¦ | ¦ | broken vertical bar |
§ | § | § | section |
¨ | ¨ | ¨ | spacing diaeresis |
© | © | © | copyright |
ª | ª | ª | feminine ordinal indicator |
« | « | « | angle quotation mark (left) |
¬ | ¬ | ¬ | negation |
| | soft hyphen | |
® | ® | ® | registered trademark |
¯ | ¯ | ¯ | spacing macron |
° | ° | ° | degree |
± | ± | ± | plus-or-minus |
² | ² | ² | superscript 2 |
³ | ³ | ³ | superscript 3 |
´ | ´ | ´ | spacing acute |
µ | µ | µ | micro |
¶ | ¶ | ¶ | paragraph |
· | · | · | middle dot |
¸ | ¸ | ¸ | spacing cedilla |
¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript 1 |
º | º | º | masculine ordinal indicator |
» | » | » | angle quotation mark (right) |
¼ | ¼ | ¼ | fraction 1/4 |
½ | ½ | ½ | fraction 1/2 |
¾ | ¾ | ¾ | fraction 3/4 |
¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark |
× | × | × | multiplication |
÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division |
ISO 8859-1 Characters
Character | Entity Number | Entity Name | Description |
---|---|---|---|
À | À | À | capital a, grave accent |
Á | Á | Á | capital a, acute accent |
 |  |  | capital a, circumflex accent |
à | à | à | capital a, tilde |
Ä | Ä | Ä | capital a, umlaut mark |
Å | Å | Å | capital a, ring |
Æ | Æ | Æ | capital ae |
Ç | Ç | Ç | capital c, cedilla |
È | È | È | capital e, grave accent |
É | É | É | capital e, acute accent |
Ê | Ê | Ê | capital e, circumflex accent |
Ë | Ë | Ë | capital e, umlaut mark |
Ì | Ì | Ì | capital i, grave accent |
Í | Í | Í | capital i, acute accent |
Î | Î | Î | capital i, circumflex accent |
Ï | Ï | Ï | capital i, umlaut mark |
Ð | Ð | Ð | capital eth, Icelandic |
Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | capital n, tilde |
Ò | Ò | Ò | capital o, grave accent |
Ó | Ó | Ó | capital o, acute accent |
Ô | Ô | Ô | capital o, circumflex accent |
Õ | Õ | Õ | capital o, tilde |
Ö | Ö | Ö | capital o, umlaut mark |
Ø | Ø | Ø | capital o, slash |
Ù | Ù | Ù | capital u, grave accent |
Ú | Ú | Ú | capital u, acute accent |
Û | Û | Û | capital u, circumflex accent |
Ü | Ü | Ü | capital u, umlaut mark |
Ý | Ý | Ý | capital y, acute accent |
Þ | Þ | Þ | capital THORN, Icelandic |
ß | ß | ß | small sharp s, German |
à | à | à | small a, grave accent |
á | á | á | small a, acute accent |
â | â | â | small a, circumflex accent |
ã | ã | ã | small a, tilde |
ä | ä | ä | small a, umlaut mark |
å | å | å | small a, ring |
æ | æ | æ | small ae |
ç | ç | ç | small c, cedilla |
è | è | è | small e, grave accent |
é | é | é | small e, acute accent |
ê | ê | ê | small e, circumflex accent |
ë | ë | ë | small e, umlaut mark |
ì | ì | ì | small i, grave accent |
í | í | í | small i, acute accent |
î | î | î | small i, circumflex accent |
ï | ï | ï | small i, umlaut mark |
ð | ð | ð | small eth, Icelandic |
ñ | ñ | ñ | small n, tilde |
ò | ò | ò | small o, grave accent |
ó | ó | ó | small o, acute accent |
ô | ô | ô | small o, circumflex accent |
õ | õ | õ | small o, tilde |
ö | ö | ö | small o, umlaut mark |
ø | ø | ø | small o, slash |
ù | ù | ù | small u, grave accent |
ú | ú | ú | small u, acute accent |
û | û | û | small u, circumflex accent |
ü | ü | ü | small u, umlaut mark |
ý | ý | ý | small y, acute accent |
þ | þ | þ | small thorn, Icelandic |
ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | small y, umlaut mark |
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